International organizations

International organizations
Definition
- An international organization is usually represented by alliance of people who have some similar purpose or goal which they want to achieve together.
Types of IO
We divide IO into 2 seperate groups: Intergovernmental and non-governmental
- Intergovernmental organizations is bonded with the governments and executives of particular states, that means that this kind of IO is funded by the states and its moves are depending on mutual agreements of the states, for example UN, NATO, EU
- Non-governmental IO are, as opposed to the governmental IO, not connected to the goverments of member states that induces the fact that they are funded privately – the do not receive any government fundings, so it is quite finacially demanding for them to stay active. Nevertheless, their goals can be outlined by its own executives and they are not anyhow responsible to the states with their decision making.
United Nations
The initial thought about establishing an organization which would protect peace was created during the WW2, precisely speaking in 1943 in TEheran where Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met for the first time. Oficially, the organization was put into operation in 1945 in San Francisco when the Charter of the UN was adopted. It has these aims:
- Preserving peace and contributing to finding solutions in conflicts
- Developing friendly relations among other nations
- Cooperating on economic, cultural and humanitary problems
- Protecting human rights and freedoms
All these tasks are distributed to six main bodies of the UN:
- General Assemlby, where all representatives of the member states gather to discuss issues and make decisions
- Security Council, an authority which is comprised of 5 permament members(UK, USA, FR, CHINA and Russian Federation) who have the veto-right, and 10 changing members. Security council makes resolve predominantly interventions, attacks, conflicts in general.
- Trusteeship Council, which now exists only formally, because its task was to hold supervision of mandatory territories of the UN
- International Court of justice which resides in Haag
- Secretariat with the Scretary General who run the administration of the UN
- Economic and Social Council, which is, in fact, the executive of the majority of bodies of the UN, for example UNESCO, WHO, ETC.
To fulfill its aims, the UN have various tools and policies
- Recommendations, military actions, economic sanctions, etc..
It resides in NEW YORK.
North American Treaty Organization
Nato was founded in 1949 as the coherent organization in order to protect the western world against the power of the Soviet Union which had many satellites in Europe. The inital seat was in Paris, but since sixties it has been in Brussels, because France left the military structures of the Alliance). The NATO is a political but mostly military group. The 5th article of its Charter is of utmost importance. It says, that if one of the member states is attacked, the attack is considered as an offense against all the member states. In other words, If czech republic was assaulted by for example Poland, all the member states , who would be legally obligated to help us, would attack the agressor.
European Union
Is a political and economic bond of 28 member states which are located in Europe. Recently, there has been a heated discourse on Britain leaving the Union, but who knows how this situation will turn out. It was founded in 1951 as the European Community of Coal and Steel by FR, GERMANY, ITALY AND BENELUX. One of the main ideas was to tie the states together which would make it hard for them to start a war. The initial idea of establishing such group was created by George of Poděbrady, who was a czech king in medieval times. Also, this connection was supposed to lead to an economic growth which later came true. In 1957 it was transformed into European Economic Community. At that time, the UK wanted to enter the organization, but the french president, Charles de Gaulle, used the veto-right to not to make it happen because he was afraid that the membership of the UK in the UNION would hamper the UNIONS well functioning. As the time went, many countries joined the Union and the Union also transformed itself overtime in many ways. The official European Union was established in 1993 by adporting Lisbon Agreement. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, there was an influx of prior communist states who wanted to became members of the EU. In 1997 the Union adopted a law, which added the Schengen Agreement to the European legal systém. Our country joined the EU on the 4th of May in 2004. Recently, people around Europe have been arguing about the prosperity of the Union towards the member states…
My opinion
Its main bodies:
- European Council which is comprised of the heads of the member states who gather to make important decision concerning the futurem oves and steps of the Union
- Council of the European Union, also called Council of Ministers. All ministers of the member states are members of this body and they discuss issues in the realm of their expertise. For example, if the Union wanted to pass a law concerning the cultivation of wheat, Agriculture ministers of the states would definetely cooperate.
- European Commision which is the main body of the EU, has the right of legislative initiative. That means that only this body can propose laws to the Union. It also creates the European Budget. I tis responsible to the Parlament. It also protect interests of the UNION.
- European Parliament is responsible for passing laws and the budget. It consists of 751 deputies who are elected for 5 years. Each state has a particular number of the representatives depenind on the number of citizens of the state. Cz have 21. Parliament maintain interest of EUROPEAN citizens.
- European Court of Justice
- European Central Bank which takes care of Euro and its well being. It sets outlines the monetary politics of the Union.
World Health Organization
A large group of people who help other people. It also part of the UN. It employes many experts and doctord who work closely together to be able to find cures for ilnesses such as Malaria.
Amnesty International(NGO)
Keep an eye on observance of the human rights and freedoms. If there is any breakage of those rights, this organization immideatelly takes action.
World Bank
Helps poor states or states which are in a bad ecnomic situations. The Bank has the right to lend money to the states and help them with building their own infrastructure, improving education, etc.
Unesco
Is a part of the UN. It takes care of preserving cultural herritage around the world. Here, in the Czech Republic, for example Český Krumlov was registered to the list of the preserved herritages.
Unicef
Is as well as Unesco a body of the UN. Generally speaking, its main goal is to také care of the children who are poor, suffer from malnutrition, are not educated at all. It provides them with food, water, other important suppies, education or shelter.
Red Cross(NGO)
Is a organization which takes care of the casulties of armed conflicts or casulties of natural disasters. It was created on impulse of Henry Dunant who was a doctor in the 19th century who saw the terrors of Napoleons wars. It offers humanitarian help all over the planet. If there is any natural disaster, will be there and help those people to survive it. For example, if a tornado or a hurricane was in Florida, employees of this organization would be there to provide people with supplies.

WTO
Aims free international market and economic growth. It was founded in 1994 as a successor of the GATT = General Agreemnt on Tarifs and Trade. Interesting is that is has the right to abolish laws of the member states which are not in accordance with the organizations principles.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Oorganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries